Demosthenes used arguments of Greek racial superiority to claim that the Athenians should oppose Philip and Alexander at all costs. Demosthenes’ rhetoric played a key role in organizing a revolt in Athens against Philip II of Macedon and later his son, Alexander the Great, in the 4th century B.C.E. Valentine, for her part, writes under the pseudonym Demosthenes, a clear allusion to the Ancient Greek thinker and writer of the same name. Peter, who aspires to run the world, wants to create a balanced, equitable world government, much like the one Locke proposed. Locke supported a commonwealth in which a group of landowners band together to decide the affairs of the state, and reserve the right to overthrow leaders who betray the interests of their group. Peter Wiggin takes the pseudonym Locke, after John Locke, the English Enlightenment thinker whose two Treatises on Government are considered important influences on the rhetoric and philosophy of the American Revolution of 1776. Another important allusion to historical events appears in the “Locke and Demosthenes” chapter. and Russia continue to plot for global control, while an atmosphere of paranoia and fear presides over all things political. In Card’s alternate future, the Cold War is still going on, and the U.S. democracy, Soviet communism) wouldn’t spread across the world. cooperated in some matters, but in many other ways they plotted to weaken one another: in particular, both countries financed wars in other countries in an effort to ensure that their rival’s ideology (U.S. was the world’s dominant superpower, while Russia wielded a huge amount of global power due to its alliance, via the Warsaw Pact of 1955, with Eastern European states like Ukraine and East Germany. and Russia, or the Soviet Union, that lasted from the late 1940s to 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed from economic instability. This reflects Card’s experiences living through the Cold War: the long conflict between the U.S. In the imaginary future of the book, there is still an uneasy rivalry between the United States and Russia, the latter of which controls a number of satellite states in Eastern Europe. Like much of the best science fiction, Ender’s Game doesn’t overtly discuss many historical events and yet reflects the political climate during which it was written. Card has also founded several successful outlets for aspiring writers, including Strong Verse, a website that specializes in submissions from unpublished authors. During the 80s and 90s, Card wrote several other successful novels, and in recent years he’s continued to write prolifically. The following year, Card published a sequel to Ender’s Game, Speaker for the Dead, which also won the Nebula, making Card one of the few writers to win this award twice. Ender’s Game was a great commercial and critical success, and won Card the coveted Nebula Award, the highest honor for American science fiction writers. It was during this time that Card published the short story “Ender’s Game,” which he would turn into a novel in 1985. For most of the late 70s and early 80s, Card presided over his theater company while also working at the BYU press. candidate at the University of Notre Dame, but dropped out to found a theater company, the Utah Valley Repertory Theater Company. Afterwards, he studied at Brigham Young University and the University of Utah, where he majored in English. As a young man, he worked as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. His family was devoutly Mormon, and he studied the Book of Mormon from an early age. Orson Scott Card was born in Washington, and grew up in various states, including California, Arizona, and Utah.
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